First American Newspaper

The Boston News-Letter

It was heavily subsidized by the British government, with a limited circulation. All copies were approved by the governor.

Year & Region
First published on April 24, 1704, is regarded as the first continuously published newspaper in British North America. 

Published
The News-Letter was noted for its pro-British sympathies, and the words “published by authority” appeared on its front page.

Issue
The News-Letter was originally issued weekly as a half sheet, a single page printed on both sides, 8 inches (200 mm) x 12 inches (300 mm), dated “From Monday, April 17, to Monday, April 24, 1704.” The printer was Bartholomew Green. The News-Letter’s first editor was John Campbell, a bookseller and postmaster of Boston.

Content
During its early years, the News-Letter was filled primarily with news from London journals describing English politics and the details of European wars. As the only newspaper in the colonies at the time, it also reported on the sensational death of Blackbeard the pirate in hand-to-hand combat in 1718.

Editorship
In 1722 the editorship passed to Green, who focused more on domestic events. After his death in 1732, his son-in-law John Draper, also a printer, took the paper’s helm. He enlarged the paper to four pages and filled it with news from throughout the colonies. He conducted the paper until his death in 1762, at which time his son, Richard Draper, became an editor. Richard died in 1774, and his widow, Margaret Green Draper, published the News-Letter for the rest of its existence.

Titles

The Boston news-letter. Apr. 24, 1704 – Dec. 29, 1726.

The Weekly news-letter. Jan. 5, 1727 – Oct. 29, 1730.

The Boston weekly news-letter. Nov. 5, 1730 – Aug. 25, 1757.

The Boston news-letter. Sept. 1, 1757 – Mar. 18, 1762.

The Boston news-letter, and New-England chronicle. Mar. 25, 1762 – Mar. 31, 1763.

The Massachusetts gazette. And Boston news-letter. Apr. 7, 1763 – May 19, 1768.

Boston weekly news-letter. May 26, 1768 – Sept. 21, 1769.

The Massachusetts gazette; and the Boston weekly news-letter. Sept. 28, 1769 – Feb. 29, 1776.

Print
 In 1726 the Boston Gazette began publishing with Bartholomew Green, Jr., as printer.

Patronage
The Boston News-Letter went through a succession of printers and publishers ending with Margaret Draper, the widow of publisher Richard Draper and one of at least nine women printers during the Colonial Period. In this announcement of August 11, 1774, in the Massachusetts Gazette and the Boston Weekly News-Letter—the title on the masthead at this time—Mrs. Draper’s business skills and sincerity show as she appeals for continued patronage.

Copies
3,500 issues of the Boston News-Letter published from its founding through its demise. 

Perished
The News-Letter ceased publication in 1776 when the British withdrew from Boston, taking Margaret Draper, an ardent Loyalist, with them and giving her a life pension.

References
Wikipedia, American Antiquarian, Readex Blog, Britannica, Library of Congress, New England Historical Society, Stanford Search Works. 

First Greek Newspaper

Estia

Estia (Greek: Ἑστία) means "home" in Greek. It has also lent its name to a Greek national daily broadsheet newspaper published in Athens, Greece. 

Year & Publisher
In 1876, Pavlos Diomidis founded a weekly publication named Ἑστία, which was a literary magazine.

First Edition
The paper's very first edition was misprinted, with Page 1 being on the back and Page 2 on the front.

Transformed
Then in 1894 has been transformed into a newspaper, making it Greece’s oldest daily newspaper still in circulation.

Named
It is named after the ancient Greek goddess Hestia, one of the Twelve Olympians.

Content
Estia is widely regarded as right wing in terms of political alignment and most often referred to as “conservative” and “nationalist” and is readily distinguishable as the only Greek newspaper still employing the old-fashioned polytonic system of accentuation.

Treated
Estia is often treated not merely as a newspaper but as “an institution of bourgeois Athens”.

Closed
In 1941, during the occupation of Greece by the German army, Estia closed, but soon after the liberation it resumed its publication. 

Kyrou Family
Estia has been managed by the Kyrou family for more than 120 years. Adonis Kyrou was its publisher from 1898 to 1918, Achilleus A. Kyrou and Kyros A. Kyrou from 1918 to 1950, Kyros A. Kyrou from 1950 to 1974, and Adonis K. Kyrou from 1974 until 1997, when the paper was taken over by Kyrou's nephew Alexis Zaousis.

Format
Estia is one of the few Greek newspapers printed in broadsheet format. It normally contains only about eight pages a day. There are no pictures on the "front" page, and no colour photographs at all. The paper's most popular column has always been the feuilleton "Pennies, Eidisoules, Perierga" (Strokes, small news, curiosities), noted for its dry, acerbic wit.

Language
Estia was the only daily written in katharevousa, a purist and archaic form of modern Greek that was abolished as the official administrative language in 1976. In recent years, however, Estia has adopted a conservative form of Standard Modern Greek. Estia is also the only daily employing the polytonic system of accentuation, which was officially abandoned following legislation in 1982; Estia, nevertheless, uses a simplified polytonic orthography in which the grave accent is replaced by the acute.

Computer
Estia did not switch to a modern computer system until 1997. At that time Unicode-enabled software had become more widely available and it was possible to continue printing the newspaper in the polytonic system. Until then, the newspaper continued to be set and printed using Linotype machines.

120th Anniversary
On the 120th anniversary of its publication (March 12, 2014), the President of Greece Karolos Papoulias issued a congratulatory note crediting the contribution of Estia to public life.

Owned
Estia is currently owned, through “Estia Newspaper S.A.”, by Ioannis Filippakis.

Website: www.estianews.gr

References
Wikipedia, Official Website, and much more. 

First Hebrew Newspaper

Hamagid

Hamagid carried global and Jewish news in Hebrew, some in translation and some original reporting. It was the first newspaper to publish opinion pieces in Hebrew.

Year: In 4th June1856, the first Hebrew weekly newspaper, HaMagid [The Declarer], began publication in Lyck, East Prussia. The founding editor was Eliezer Lipman Silberman.

Content
HaMagid contained extensive news reports from Jewish communities around the world, as well as general world news, critical historical essays, poetry, book reviews, business advertisements and personal notices.  Its readership was to be found throughout the Pale of Settlement, as well as in Western Europe.

Donation Appeals
During its years of publication, HaMagid made numerous appeals to its subscribers for nedavot (donations) to help those in need.  Sometimes the appeals were to help support Jewish settlement in Eretz Yisrael (Israel); other times for famine relief in Persia or to aid a shtetl devastated by fire.  On other occasions, the donations were to fund the publication of Jewish books or help provide for individuals in distress.

Contributors
The collected money, as well as individual contributions, was then sent on to HaMagid for disbursement.  In subsequent issues, a few columns (sometimes, several pages) would be devoted to listing the names of the contributors. The names of contributors published in the pages of HaMagidare in two groupings.
     - 1- Misc. Donor Lists:  The first group, which I call Misc. Donor Lists, consists of contributors who, on their own, sent in a donation in response to a specific appeal.
    - 2- Shtetl Donor Lists:  The second group, which I call Shtetl Donor Lists, consists of contributors from a single location.
Approximately two thousand "Shtetl Donor Lists" appear in HaMagid over a forty-year period, and comprise tens of thousands of names. 

Censorship
For censorship reasons it was published outside the borders of tsarist Russia (first in Lyck, Prussia, and after 1890 successively in Berlin, Kraków, and Vienna).

Pioneer
Ha-Magid was a pioneer in reporting the news in Hebrew from around the world, and especially from the Jewish world, either culled from translations of the general press or from original reporting drawn from its own vast network of bureaus. It initiated and nurtured the modern genre of opinion essays in Hebrew.

In General
From the 1860s, the paper supported settlement in Land of Israel for a combination of religious and national reasons. David Gordon and his son Dov edited the paper from 1886-1880. After the death of his father, Dov Gordon continued as editor until 1890, and was replaced from 1890-1903 by Jacob Samuel Fuchs.

Perished
In 1892, it began, more and more, to resemble a domestic Galician newspaper, and its position at the vanguard of the Hebrew press was relinquished to the Hebrew dailies Ha-Melits and Ha-Tsefirah.

During its last decade, it would be called HaMagid L’Yisrael [The Declarer to Israel]. In 30 October 1903 issue was stopped.

References
Wikipedia, Yivo Encyclopedia, National Library of Israel. 

First Turkish Newspaper

Takvim-i Vekayi

Takvim-i Vekayi (Ottoman Turkish: تقویم وقایع‎, meaning "Calendar of facts") was the first fully Turkish language newspaper.

Year: It was launched in 1831 by Sultan Mahmud II, taking over from the Moniteur ottoman as the Official Gazette of the Ottoman Empire.

Languages
With the beginning of the Tanzimat reform period, Takvim-i Vekayi produced Armenian, Greek and Arabic language editions.

Formation
To strengthen a centralized hold on the provinces he created a postal system, more infrastructure like roads, and the Takvim-i Vekayi.

First Editor
The Takvim-i Vekayi was the first official Ottoman Empire news. Esad Erbili was the first editor.

Circulated
Circulation of the Takvim-i Vekayi fluctuated in circulation depending on the time period. In the beginning stages only civil servants, elites, and business men read the paper. It was also mostly read near the capital, not in faraway provinces. Circulation only grew during the Hamidian Era due to increase in literacy.

Additional
It ceased publication in 1878, resuming in 1891-2, before being closed again. It resumed in 1908 until around 1922. In the 1831-1878 period it published a total of 2119 issues - an average of slightly less than one a week.

Censorship
Under Abdul Hamid II's rule censorship of the press was carried out by a considerably large group of people. Abdul Hamid II's reign one shut down of Takvim-i Vekayi's publication occurred due to what many historians think was a typesetter's error when publishing a legal act in the büstur part of the newspaper.

Ceased
Other publications were allowed to be run during this time but the Takvim-i Vekayi was shut down till the end of his reign in 1909. His censorship blocked revolutionary news spreading. 

Tanzimat period
Even with the censorship Abdul Hamid II's other reforms regarding education caused the circulation of the newspaper to grow between 12,000 and 15,000 people, much larger than during the Tanzimat period.

Restarted
The Young Turks also saw the importance of the media and of the Takvim-i Vekayi. When they rose to power they restarted the publication of the Takvim-i Vekayi and through the office of the Directorate of Legal Compilation published official legal mandates. 

Perished
On November 1, 1922 the Grand National Assembly decided to end the Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire ended. After 4,891 issues between 1831 -1922 the Takvim-iVekayi  

published its last issue on November 4, 1922.

Reference: Wikipedia

Book Reference
Takvim-i Vekayi written by Ahmet Mithat about the Russo-Turkish War. 

First Finnish Newspaper

Tieto-Sanomat

Tieto-Sanomat in Finnish was the first Finnish language newspaper. Second Newspaper after Åbo Tidningar.

Year & Publication
 It was published in Turku twice a month in 1776. The magazine's editor was Antti Lizelius, the vicar of Mynämäki .

Antti Lizelius
The magazine's editor was Antti Lizelius was the best Finnish language expert of his time. He has probably seen the newspaper as an excellent educational tool. 

Published
The magazine's sample number was published in September 1775 under the name Finnish Tieto-Sanomat. It started appearing every other week at the beginning of next year. The publisher is probably Frenckell's printing house , which also printed Finland's first newspaper Åbo Tidningar.

Copies
Tieto-Sanomat published 23 numbers with a total of 192 pages. The annual order cost 4 taal 16 16 gallons.

Aim
Tieto-Sanomat's aim was to publish agricultural guides, general information, and information on domestic and foreign events. There was no place in the journal for scientific or religious material. The target audience consisted of Finnish-speaking priests and educated peasants. Tieto-Sanomat was the first of its kind in Sweden as a folklore education and education magazine , as there was no equivalent in Swedish . Content

The magazine contained three extensive articles during the year, which continued as small pieces from one number to another. Already in the show number, the “Finland Earth Huonen-Hallituxe”, and later its “healing and spawning”, dealt with the emergence of agriculture, new cultivation methods and livestock farming. It provided information on crop rotation, potato cultivation, gardening and household, and human and animal health. Another year-round series “Inquiry about the localities of the Earth District” was a list of the continents, Russia , Germany and Turkey , as well as Sweden and Finland. The third, shorter article, concerned Mynämäki's poor child care, which Lizelius wanted to present to his colleagues as a model of social care. 

Real Newspaper
About half of the contents of the numbers consisted of practical instructions and news. News magazine Finnish Tieto-Sanomat was actually Finland's first real newspaper, because the Åbo Tidningar no general news released. It was also allowed to publish foreign news as a Finnish-language magazine, which was otherwise the exclusive right of the Stockholm Official Journal. 

Translated
Sweden translated as "New Say What" Department told the US Freedom of the war, the Iberian peninsula and North-African war events, the Polish division , as well as earthquakes, fires and other peculiar coincidences. Finland's news was mainly deaths and job appointments.

Perished
However, at the end of 1776, Lizelius had to admit that, in the absence of 'reachable buyers', publishing the magazine must 'stop joxi kuxi ajaxi'. The temporary cessation ceased to exist and the next Finnish-language journal was the Turku Wiikko-Sanomat which was only launched in 1820 . However, little subscribers to Tieto-Sanomatwould not have been, for Porthan the magazine did not make a loss for its publisher, if not for a profit.

References
Wikipedia, Kansalliskirjasto, Antikvaari, and much more 

First Norwegian Newspaper

Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler

Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler is a First Norwegian newspaper, issued in Oslo from 1763 to 1920.

Year: First issue came out on 25 May 1763.

Publisher
The founder and first publisher of Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler was printer Samuel Conrad Schwach, who edited the newspaper until his death in 1781.

Print
In 1758, Schwach had been authorized to establish a printing house in Christiania. The newspaper was basically dependent on royal prerogative, but he found a niche inside the system by avoiding news and stories about government actions, policies etc.

Content
In the beginning, the publication was a weekly magazine. The first versions consisted of four small pages, two of which were reserved for advertisements. The rest contained economic or religious reflections and religious poetry. 

Emphasize
“This is a giant leap, even in these modern times. Sweden and Denmark are ahead of us. It was about time to publish a Norwegian newspaper”, Schwach emphasized after the first release.

Issue
Between 1763 and 1805, Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler was published once a week. From 1805, twice a week, while in 1830, it became a daily newspaper.

Funding
It was funded by wealthy citizens of Christiania, as well as income from advertising. At its most extreme, advertisements could fill the entire paper. In 1765, Schwach claimed that half of the 200 printed copies were sold. The newspaper was thus a loss, and Schwach was unsure about the future.

Took Over
During the second year, a group of intellectuals took over the editorial responsibility. They called themselves “Intelligenz-Væsenet” (English: “Intelligence-Service”) and “De Tænkende” (English: “The Thinking”) and aimed to turn the paper into an organ for the literary enthusiasts. The group had editorial responsibility through seventeen editions of Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler.

Regained
in 1766, when Schwach had regained editorial control, the news content increased. Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler is therefore considered Norway’s first regular newspaper.

Purchased
The publication was bought by the orphanage Christiania Opfostringshus in 1815. This institution was given special privileges by the government in 1816, related to printing of official notices. 

Renamed
The newspaper was called Christiania Intelligens sedler from 1807 to 1893.

Editors
Among the editors of the newspaper were teacher Anton Schjøth from 1834 to 1857, educator and writer Siegwart Petersen from 1861 to 1878, and literary historian Hartvig Lassen from 1880 to 83. From 1890 to 1918 it was published and edited by jurist Hjalmar Løken. 

In General
The privileges on official notices ended in 1882, when the official Norsk Kundgjørelsestidende took over these tasks, and Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler started focusing more on its role as a newspaper. During Hjalmar Løken period it was an independent political newspaper, supporting the Liberal Party, and playing a significant role in the political debate.

Merged
In 1920 the newspaper became part of Verdens Gang.

References
Wikipedia, Thor News, The European Library, Press Reference, Emerald Insight, and much more 

First Russian Newspaper

Vedomosti

The Vedomosti was the first newspaper printed in Russia.

Year: It was established by Peter the Great's ukase dated 16 December 1702.

First Issue: The first issue appeared on 2 January 1703.

Content
Peter's newspaper contained little other than reports of military victories and diplomatic relations, either composed by the tsar himself or translated from Dutch newspapers according to his choice. Originally, the newspaper was published at the Print Yard in Kitai-gorod, Moscow. 

Engravings
In 1710, engravings were introduced by way of decoration. They usually represented the Peter and Paul Fortress or the Neva River, thus reflecting the growing importance of Saint Petersburg. From 1711, most issues were printed in the Northern capital.

Fluctuation
Peter's Vedomosti was published quite irregularly, as important news arrived — sometimes as many as seventy issues appeared annually, sometimes only one. The circulation fluctuated from several dozen copies to four thousand.  In 1719, the newspaper contained 22 pages. These early issues of the Vedomosti — of which only a fraction survives.

Renamed
With Peter's death in 1725, the newspaper lost its most precious contributor. As Russia offered no choice of journalists who could carry on his project, ownership of the paper was transferred to the Russian Academy of Sciences, which renamed it Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (that is, Saint Petersburg News) in 1727. Since 1800, the Saint Petersburg Vedomosti was published daily.

Taken Over
Controlled editorially by the liberal journalist Evgeny Korsh since 1863, the Vedomosti was brought to the forefront of the country's political life. Korsh repeatedly clashed with censors over his liberal views until 1875, when he was dismissed from the editorial staff and the paper was taken over by the Imperial Ministry of Education.

Closure
After that, the newspaper's circulation and influence declined and it took the Octobrist editorial stance. The Russian Revolution brought about its closure in 1917.

Rebranded
In 1991 that the former Communist Party daily Leningradskaya Pravda was rebranded as the revived Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (in Russian: Санкт-Петербургские ведомости).

New Edition
The first issue of the new Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti was published on 1 September 1991. It is published five times a week with a circulation of 190,000. There is also a business daily, the Vedomosti, introduced in 1999.

Reorganized
On December 28th 1995, the newspaper was reorganized by the St. Petersburg Mayor Office as a joint stock company. It belongs to the JSC Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti Editorial House. Vladimir Putin was the first Chairman of the newspapers's Advisory Board until June 1997.

Share Increased

In 2005 the Russia bank, which is a co-founder of the JSC and had previously owned 20% share of the newspaper, acquired blocking share of 35 percent.

References
Wikipedia, The European Library, PR Lib, Russiapedia, The Moscow Times, Pinterest, Google Books and much more. 

First Yiddish Newspaper - Netherlands

Die Kuranten
The Dienstagische Kurant was the earliest known Yiddish language periodical.

Year
It was a semi-weekly founded in Amsterdam in August 9, 1686.

Content
It covered local news and news from other Jewish communities, including those as far away as India.

Appeared
The Kuranten appeared twice a week, on Tuesdays and Fridays, except for the period between December 6, 1686 and February 14, 1687, during which they were published only on Fridays.

Publisher
The first publisher of the Kuranten was the Ashkenazi printer Uri Faybesh Halevi. Halevi was one of the leading Jewish printers and publishers not only in Amsterdam but also throughout the world, Amsterdam being the centre of Hebrew and Yiddish book printing during those years.

Ceased
Uri Faybesh Halevi ceased publication of the paper on June 6, 1687, possibly due to financial reasons.

Renamed
De Castro Tartas made some changes in the lay-out – the heading was enlarged, the Amsterdam city arms were added, and the name was changed from Kuranten to Kurant – the style remained the same.

Announced
Although De Castro Tartas initially maintained publication on Tuesdays and Fridays, on August 5, 1687 it was announced that up until 1 Nisan (March) the paper would only appear on Fridays, “because the Tuesday edition sells poorly.”

In General
The Kuranten did not copy all reports. Due to the limited space at their disposal, together with the fact that they used a larger typeface, the editors were forced into a strict selection – not simply by shortening the reports but also in their choice of subjects. They included, for instance, all reports about wars, first and foremost the war in the Balkans between the Habsburg and the Ottoman Empires; like the Dutch newspapers, the Kuranten sympathized with the Habsburg side.

Perished
After 100 printed issues the last issue dating December 5, 1687.

Reason to Perish
The Kuranten thus primarily printed international news, given from a Dutch perspective but adapted for Jewish readers seeking to take part in the “real world” for whom language was otherwise a barrier. The adaptation was chiefly restricted to excluding non-Jewish elements or subjects considered uninteresting to Jews. No attempt was made to carry news from other sources about Jewish subjects. News about Jewish community life in Amsterdam is completely absent. This feature may be explained by the fact that since the community was small, the Amsterdam Jews probably did not require a paper to know what was going on; the important events found their way into the popular Yiddish chronicles.

References
Wikipedia, Hilde Pach, Verb For Men, Google Books, and much more.

First Danish Newspaper

Den Danske Mercurius

The newspaper was published on the order of the Sovereign. Its publishing was a turning point in the history of Danish journalism.

Year: First Danish newspaper, published on 1 August 1666, by Anders Bording.

Content
It was published on a monthly basis with two quarto pages. It contained domestic and international news written in Alexandrine verse style, accompanied by reasoning in the form of small poems. Regarding the messages from Denmark itself, news from the Royal Danish court took up the most space, but many other news topics were mentioned too, e.g. the arrival of foreign diplomats, appointments, meteorological phenomena and fires.

Referred As
The name of the newspaper, Mercurius, referred to the messenger of the gods in Greek and Roman mythology.

Language
The text was written in Alexandria, averaging 112 pr. number; overall, it ran up to 14,700.

In General
Mercury was the leaf of the empire, so events in the court's world count most; Not only government decisions but also parties and chases.

Priority
In order of priority in the countries that were considered most important to us: Germany, France, Spain, England, the Netherlands and Poland. 

Perished
Den Danske Mercurius continued its published for 14 years after the 1677 death of its founder, Bording, but its quality was diminished due to the lack of his founder's talent. 

Book Reference
Den Danske Mercurius 1666-1677, Munksgaard, 1973. ISBN 87-16-00591-0. Udvalg af Den Danske Mercurius.

References
Wikipedia, Britannica, Amazon, Den Store Danske, Saxo and much more 

First English Newspaper

Oxford Gazette

The Oxford Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the UK.

Year: First published on 7 November 1665.

Plague
Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch London newspapers for fear of contagion.

Renamed
The Oxford Gazette emerged from this turmoil, and when the plague finally dissipated and the court returned to London, The London Gazette was born.

First Issue
The Gazette was "Published by Authority" by Henry Muddiman, and its first publication is noted by Samuel Pepys in his diary. The King returned to London as the plague dissipated, and the Gazette moved too, with the first issue of The London Gazette (labelled No. 24) being published on 5 February 1666.

Content
The Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent by post to subscribers, not printed for sale to the general public. Notices of engagement and marriage were also formerly published in the Gazette. The Gazette is not a conventional newspaper offering general news coverage. It does not have a large circulation.

Colonial
Gazettes, modelled on The London Gazette, were issued for most British colonial possessions.

Private Sector
Her Majesty's Stationery Office took over the publication of the Gazette in 1889. Publication of the Gazette was transferred to the private sector, under government supervision. In the 1990s, when HMSO was sold and renamed The Stationery Office.

Time of War
In time of war, despatches from the various conflicts are published in The London Gazette. People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been "gazetted".

Founder
Other official newspapers of the UK government are The Edinburgh Gazette and The Belfast Gazette, which, apart from reproducing certain materials of nationwide interest published in The London Gazette, also contain publications specific to Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively.

In General
The London Gazette carries not only notices of UK-wide interest, but also those relating specifically to entities or people in England and Wales. However, certain notices that are only of specific interest to Scotland or Northern Ireland are also required to be published in The London Gazette.

Copyright
The London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes are published by TSO (The Stationery Office) on behalf of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. They are subject to Crown copyright.

Index
In many cases the entire volume is an index, usually to the whole year, occasionally to four, five or six years (1820-1839) and occasionally to six months (1917-1921).

Website : https://www.thegazette.co.uk/

References
Wikipedia, National Archives, Online Books, History House, The Gazette (Official Site) and much more. 

First Italian Newspaper

Gazzetta di Mantova

Gazzetta di Mantova is an Italian language local daily newspaper published in Mantua, in northern Italy.

Year : June 1664 in Mantua 

First Copies
The first copies were twenty-four centimeters by sixteen and a half, the name of the city and the date at the top, then on the four sides the most recent news (so to speak) written across the page and divided in turn by the indication of the place and day of origin.

Content
The publication avoided dealing with any event that could in any way involve politics of court; on the contrary, it limited itself to mainly referring to city news, religious solemnities, visits by rulers and important personalities, events concerning local notables and particular attention was devoted to military events; so much so that his reports were a very precious source for reconstructing the various wars of succession and for completing, if not often correcting, what was told in the bookish chronicles relating to those same historical facts.

Appearance
A first documented appearance of today 's heading takes place in a supplement dated 12 August 1705 with the words Supplimento della Gazzetta di Mantova . 

Universal
In the years between 1741 and 1759 appeared the headline Universal Wanderings of Europe and other places. The outputs were weekly throughout the 18th century.

French Domination
On the contrary, the period of French domination , which began with the Siege of Mantua in 1796, had more serious consequences: on 21 October 1796 the Gazette ceased publication.

Resumed
The publications resumed on March 12, 1801. On January 3, 1807 appeared the newspaper , still used, of Gazzetta di Mantova ; during the year the Gazzetta officially became a biweekly one. 

19th century
For over half of the nineteenth century, the newspaper's exit cadence varied from one to three weekly numbers; periodicity passed definitively to daily on 1 January 1866 . In the same year Mantua was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy ; subsequently the newspaper's voice assumed a moderate progressive type orientation. In these years he was directed by eminent personalities of the national cultural and political landscape: figures such as the great historian and journalist Alessandro Luzio , who led it between the years 1882 and 1893 , or the economist Salvatore Cognetti de Martiis .

20th century
The newspaper, which since 7 February 1816 continues to be printed uninterruptedly in its traditional newspaper, is temporarily ceased only on 1 January 1920 .

Resumed
With the end of the Fascist twenty years and the democratic restoration, on 21st July 1946 , the Journal can resume its daily publication, first as an organ of the CLN, then, with the ancient newspaper, as a local newspaper, free and independent. His first post-war publishing company is CITEM, or the Mantovana Publishing Cooperative , which remained until 1981 when Arnoldo Mondadori Editore took over the newspaper while retaining CITEM as a printing company.

Founder
In the following years the Gazzetta takes the tabloid format and its company becomes the founder of new local newspapers such as the Gazzetta di Modena , the Gazzetta di Carpi, the Gazzetta di Reggio (the latter refounded) and the Nuova Ferrara .

Renewal
In 1989 the Gazzetta di Mantova and the company that controls it was purchased by Finegil Editoriale SpA of Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso , which allows it to implement the type and variety of content offered as well as to renew itself, remaining at the forefront in terms of technological. 

Online Edition
In December 1998 it is able to offer its readers the complete online edition, which can be consulted and downloaded.

In Addition
La Gazzetta is also a school of journalism, as well as a cornerstone of publishing.

Website : gazzettadimantova.gelocal.it

YouTube Video
https://youtu.be/fjOR60hi91E (Italian)

References
Wikipedia, Odg, Official Website, Google Books 

First Polish Newspaper

Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny

The Polish Mercury, Encompassing All the World's Affairs, for the Common Knowledge) was the first Polish newspaper (actually, a weekly).

Year: Published from 3 January 1661, first in Kraków, then in Warsaw.

Sponsored
Sponsored by the court of King John II Casimir of Poland and his consort Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga.

Content
the newspaper was a weekly devoted chiefly to contemporary politics, European dynastic affairs, and monarchs' military campaigns. With regard to internal affairs, it promoted political reforms and the strengthening of monarchical power.

Latin
Merkuryusz was edited in a 17th-century Polish heavily influenced by Latin; some parts of issues were written purely in Latin.

Last Issue
Altogether 41 issues came out (12 of them "extraordinary," or special), with a run of 100–250 copies. The last issue was dated 22 July 1661.

Reprint
Between 1933 and 1939 the complete run was reprinted by the Polish National Library. Though short-lived, it gave its name to several later newspapers, notably the Merkuriusz Polski published in London, 1955–58. Since 2012, the newspaper completely switched to on-line edition.

Current Website: merkuriusz.co.uk

References
Wikipedia, Polskie Radio, Polska Prasa

First Spanish Newspaper

Gaceta de Madrid

The Gaceta de Madrid , also Gazeta de Madrid. It would be replaced in practice by the so-called Official State Gazette .

Year: February 1661

Published
Official periodical published in the Spanish city of Madrid from 1697.

Content
Relationship or Gazette of some particular cases, political as well as military, happened in most of the world until the end of 1660 , becoming the first newspaper of general information that arises in Spain. 

Print
The Gazette , at the time of its birth, was directed and administered from the private initiative. This circumstance varies completely during the reign of Charles III , who, in 1762, decided to grant the Crown the privilege of printing the Gazette . In this way, the publication becomes an official information medium that reflects the Government's criteria and decisions.

Structure
As for the structure of the Gazette , it is in 1886 when it states that the publication will contain only documents of general interest ( laws , decrees , decisions of courts , contracts Public Administration , official announcements, etc.). Finally, it is prescribed that, within each section, the order of publication must be the seniority of the Ministries, always after the Presidency of the Council of Ministers . All this structure will be outlined by a Royal Order of June 6, 1909.

Denomination
As regards the denomination, previously it had received names like Gazeta new of the political and military events (1661-1662), ordinary Gazette of Madrid (1667-1680) or New ordinary of the events of the North (1683-1697).

Published
In 1697 it began to be published as Gaceta de Madrid , name that it would maintain, with transitory changes of denomination, until the beginning of the 20th century . It is important to note that in certain historical moments, several official journals with different denominations coexisted at the same time.

In General

Gaceta de Madrid , from 1697 to March 31, 1934.

Gaceta de Madrid: Official Gazette of the Republic , from April 1, 1934-November 8, 1936.

In 1936, after the outbreak of the civil war , it adopted the title Gaceta de la República: Official Gazette in November of that year. This publication would be replaced after the end of the conflict by the Official State Gazette , which had begun to be published on October 2 in the rebel zone after a previous stage under the title Official Gazette of the National Defense Board.

Change Over

Official State Gazette of October 2, 1936 to February 27, 1961.

Official Gazette of the State: Gaceta de Madrid , from February 28, 1961 to July 23, 1986.

Official State Gazette of July 24, 1986-until today.

Official State Bulletin ( BOE )
Is the official Spanish newspaper dedicated to the publication of certain laws , regulations and mandatory insertion acts. Its edition, printing, publication and dissemination is entrusted, under a functional decentralization system , to the State Agency of the Official State Bulletin .

Current Website: http://www.boe.es/

Book Reference
Núñez de Prado , Sara (2002). «From the Gazette of Madrid to the Official State Gazette» . History and Social Communication ( UCM ) 7 : 147-160. ISSN  1137-0734 .

References
Wikipedia, Wikidata, Biblioteca Virtual Madrid, Prensa Histórica, La Gaceta, MEMORIA DE MADRID, Amazon.in, Encyclopedia. 

First Swedish Newspaper

Ordinari Post Tijdender

It is the oldest currently published newspaper in the world, although as of the 1 January 2007 edition, it has switched over to an internet-only format.

Meaning
Ordinari Post Tijdender's meaning is "Regular Mail Times" in English

Year: 9 April 1645

Did you know: Ordinari Post Tijdender is the 10th-oldest newspaper in Europe (first published in 1645) and The first Swedish Newspaper.

Content
It is the government newspaper and gazette of Sweden, and the country's official notification medium for announcements like bankruptcy declarations or auctions. The newspaper also carries advertising, the largest advertiser being the Swedish Patent and Registration Office.

Published
The paper was published weekly during early years.

Royal Post Agency
Nine years earlier, the royal postal agency (Kungliga Postverket) had been established and now all postmasters in the country were required to submit reports of information they heard, and the newspaper was then distributed to public notice boards throughout the country.

Swedish Academy
In 1791, Gustav III designated the Swedish Academy to distribute and publish the newspaper, a practice that continues today.

Merged
In 1821 it merged with the Inrikes Tidningar ("Domestic Times") to form the Post- och Inrikes Tidningar.

Meaning
Post- och Inrikes Tidningar or PoIT (Swedish for "Post and Domestic Times")

In General
In the 17th and 18th centuries, it was the leading news source in the country, but by 1922, under competition from commercial papers, it had been reduced to publishing government, corporate, and legal announcements.

Internet Copy
As of 2000, Post- och Inrikes Tidningar is published online at PointLex, and all editions from 1771 to 1860 are available at Project Tiden.

Current Website www.poit.org

References
Wikipedia, National Encyclopedia Sweden, Google Books 

First Portuguese Newspaper

Gazeta da Restauração

The first issue of the "Gazette in which the New Notices came from Various Parts" - which was to be known as the Gazette of the Restoration.

First Publication:
Published in November 1641 and circulated on December 3 of the same year . It had 12 pages.

Draft
The responsibility of drafting was granted Manuel de Galhegos by real privilege. 

Cherished
The Gazeta da Restauração was cherished by D. João IV and his supporters who saw the period as "an excellent propaganda instrument" to legitimize the new power and a way of denigrating the deeds of the Spaniards.

Typographic
This first edition had the typographic mark of the Office of Lourenço de Anveres (Lourenço de Antwerp) (1599 - 1679) headquartered in Lisbon .

Print
The following eight publications were printed in the printing of Dominic Lopes Rosa .

9th Edition
With the ninth edition of the gazette , in July 1642, the publication of this newspaper was published, which was published with the dimension of 20cm x 14 cm.

Content

Gazeta, in which they report the new all, that hears in this court, and that they came from several parts.

Abstract
Although it can not reduce the role of news to advertising the restoration of independence of Portugal periodic, after 60 years under the dual with Castile (1580-1640) monarchy, and the new ruling house, the House of Bragança, the fact remains that symbolically, their writers struggled to legitimize in the eyes of readers acclaim D. John IV as king of Portugal. The advertising of the restoration of independence occurs directly (for example, through the praise for John IV) or indirectly (for example, through the lowering of Castile, the king and his allies and the accentuation of its alleged perfidy).

Perished
Although for the Portuguese XVII century we must reduce the impact of the said Gazeta due to the illiteracy of the population and the value charged by the - we can not yet measure the volume of monthly impressions - we will bear in mind that the journal was published for six years (between the 1641 and 1647), with the endorsement of the Crown of Bragança and that therefore had importance within that society.

Did you know
Gazeta da Restauração first Portuguese newspaper and 9th published newspaper in the world.

References
Wikipedia, WordPress

Books
THE GAZETTE "OF THE RESTORATION" - FIRST PORTUGUESE PERIODICAL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISCOURSE
ISBN: 978-989-654-060-9

First French Newspaper

La Gazette

La Gazette quickly became the center of France for the dissemination of news, and thus an excellent means for controlling the flow of information in a highly centralized state.

Started
Gazette (afterwards called the Gazette de France), started in 1615 under the patronage and with the active co-operation of Cardinal Richelieu. The first editor and printer was Théophraste Renaudot.

First Edition
The first weekly edition appeared in 30 May 1631. Each edition of the paper, which cost six centimes, consisted of a single sheet (folded into eight pages), and was divided into two parts.

Content
The first page was entitled Gazette, the second Nouvelles ordinaires de divers endroits. It commonly began with foreign and with national news. Much of its earliest foreign news came directly from the Cardinal, and often in his own handwriting.

In General
Renaudot published the first issue of his Gazette Weekly May 30, 1631. With the support of Richelieu and Father Joseph, he obtained, October 11, 1631, a privilege of exploitation in France of this type of writing, which allowed him to absorb the Ordinary News in his Gazette , of which they formed during several years a kind of complement. The tone of its articles remained both very prudent and impartial.

In Detail
Small in size (23 × 15 cm), four, then eight and sometimes twelve pages, The Gazette was just a collection of news and official documents, without comment. News from abroad always occupied at least two-thirds of the printed text. It was an official page: it served Richelieu with an instrument of propaganda and organ for the expression of his foreign and domestic policy. Renaudot also published, on occasion, "extraordinary" supplements. As early as June 1632 he published a leaflet, the " Feuille du bureau d'adresses" , and, from 1639 onwards, published the publication " Mercure de France ," an annual collection summarizing the events of the past year, dating back to 1611.

Novelty
The novelty of La Gazette was a lasting success; it seems to have produced as many as eight hundred copies in the 1640s. Every year, Renaudot published his Gazettes of the Year in a book and, in the prefaces to these volumes, he remarkably explained the goals and the difficulties of journalism.

Objective
La Gazette had for objective to inform its readers on events from the noble court and abroad. It was mostly focused on political and diplomatic affairs. 

New Name
In 1762, its name became Gazette de France, with the sub title Organe officiel du Government royal (Official organ of the royal Government). The magazine was always one of the most expensive in Paris. 

Rental
In 1787, Charles-Joseph Panckouke already proprietary of the Mercure de France and the Moniteur universel—which he had just founded—rented the magazine.

Revolution
La Gazette remained silent about the birth of the revolution, and didn't even mention the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, limiting itself to government acts. For the satisfaction of his customers, Charles-Joseph Panckouke published a supplement, Le Gazettin (little Gazette), that gave its readers summaries of debates at the National Constituent Assembly. 

Took Back
In 1791, the ministry of foreign affairs, who owned La Gazette, took it back. Nicolas Fallet was named director and it became a tribune for the Girondists. He was succeeded by Sébastien Roch Nicolas Chamfort. La Gazette became a daily magazine in 1792, 1 May.

Renamed
Following the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, 21 January, it was renamed Gazette nationale de France (National Gazette of France) . 

Perished
It progressively became the mouthpiece of one royalist faction, the Legitimists. With the rise of modern news media and specialized and localized newspapers throughout the country in the early 20th century, La Gazette was finally discontinued in September 30, 1915.

Did you know: La Gazette is the eighth-oldest newspaper in World (first published in 1631) and The first French newspaper.

Further Reading
Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard, Alfred Fierro, Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française 1789-1799, Éditions Robert Laffont, collection Bouquins, Paris, 1987. ISBN 2-7028-2076-X

References
Wikipedia, Britannica, Universalis, Dictionnaire Journaux, Unicaen

First Dutch Newspaper

Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c

The paper does not reveal the name of the printer or the publisher, but based on similar papers published later, it is thought that Joris Veseler was the printer and Caspar van Hilten its editor and publisher.

Year & Place
It was published in June 1618 in Amsterdam.

General
It was a regular weekly publication. It can be called the first broadsheet paper, because it was issued in folio-size. The paper carries no imprint of the printer or the publisher. Similar papers published later suggest that it may have been printed by Joris Veseler and published and edited by Caspar van Hilten. The exact date of the publication is not known, but the dates of the news items suggest that it was probably printed between 14 and 18 June 1618.

First Issue
The Courante was a single folio sheet. This means it was a full sheet folded once to form 4 pages and then cut open at the fold. The first issues were printed on just one side of the sheet. It also does not have a serial number, a date or a publisher's imprint.

Imprint
The imprint appeared in 1619. The date and serial number as well as the practice of printing on both sides of the sheet started in 1620.

Content
The first issue presented news from four sources, including Venice, Cologne and Prague. This corresponds with the name of the newspaper, which in English means "Current events from Italy, Germany, etc". The main text runs in two columns. The columns are separated with a gutter and a line running in it. There are no empty lines within the body text. The body of the text is printed in Dutch black-letter, except for the numbers. Roman type is used for datelines which also act as headlines for the news items. The text is fully justified and the beginnings of paragraphs are identified with indents approximately the size of the line-height.

English Copy
Two years after the Courante was started, Veseler printed the first newspaper in English for the publisher Pieter van den Keere.

Surviving Copy
The only surviving copy of the first issue is in Sweden's Kungliga Biblioteket in Stockholm. Later issues from 1628 to 1664 can be found at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague.

Perished
The Courante appeared until about 1672 and was then merged with the Ordinarisse Middel-Weeckse Courant and the Ordinaris Dingsdaegse Courant into the Amsterdam Courant, which eventually merged with De Telegraaf in 1903.

Did you know
The first Dutch newspaper. Experts regard the Courante as the world’s first proper newspaper. In their view, the earlier news periodicals are considered to be pamphlets or newsbooks. 

References
Wikipedia, Go Dutch, Europeana, Brill, Facebook

World’s Second Newspaper - First Daily Newspaper

Avisa Relation oder Zeitung

The Avisa was the first known new periodical ever published. In its very first issue, its pages contained news stories from numerous countries all around the world.

Published
January 15 1609 in the city of Prague (Wolfenbüttel) , the first daily newspaper.

Publisher
The printer/publisher was Lucas Schulte.

Appearance
It is folio-sized (Large) newspapers.

First Edition
The first edition stated that the news was collected from various countries.

Content
Composed from reports of agents posted throughout Europe by Merchants and Financiers.

Welcome
The European public welcomed the new fashion that soon spread to London, Vienna, Paris and the main capitals of the Western world.

Last Issue
The last issue of the newspaper probably appeared on December 15, 1632.

Did you know: Avisa Relation oder Zeitung is the second-oldest newspaper in World (first published in 1609).

References
Wikipedia, Google Books

World’s First Newspaper

The Relation (German Edition)

Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Account of all distinguished and commemorable news). The Relation is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers, as well as many authors, as the world's first newspaper.

Idea
The idea of a weekly, handwritten newssheet of Avvisi went from Italy to Germany and then to Holland.

Year:
The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, was the first newspaper.

Status

Carolus published the German-languagenewspaper in Strasbourg, which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

Print
In 1605, the first printed weekly newspaper to be published in Antwerp was called Relation. 

First Issue
The first issue of that states that the news had been collected from various countries by January 15, 1609.

Idea of Printing
Johann aerned most of his living by producing newsletters which his hand-written in 17th century. Rich subscribes gave very high prices to have them.
In 1604 he owned his printing shop which he bought it from a famous printer. In 1605 he was aware of copying by hand was taking too much time. So he decided to switch to printing. He also figured out that he can earn more money by printing and making higher circulation and sell it for a lower price.

Petition
At that year, he wrote a petition for protecting the rights against reprints to Strasbourg city council which is represented at right.

General
At first he printed four to six pages every week. The first weekly printed newspaper was born and was titled ‘Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien‘. At the beginning, Carolus was the only editor of the newspaper and later on he was helped by a theologian.

Censorship
However, Carolus faced trouble after about three years of publishing. He published the news about financial difficulties of the government and only two days later it was decided that Carolus had to be more careful and before publishing anything critical, he was advised to consult the government. This became known as the first censorship incidence.

European Newspaper
If a newspaper is defined by the functional criteria of publicity, seriality, periodicity, and currency or actuality (that is, as a single current-affairs series published regularly at intervals short enough for readers to keep abreast of incoming news) then Relation was the first European newspaper.

Stanley Morrison
English historian of printing Stanley Morison held that the Relation should be classified as a newsbook, on the grounds that it still employed the format and most of the conventions of a book: it is printed in quarto size and the text is set in a single wide column. By Morison’s definition, the world’s first newspaper would be the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. from 1618.

Perished
The Relation was published until 1659.

Further Reading:

[1] ZEIT Article on Johann Carolus [German]

[2] History of Newspapers – Mitchell Stephens

[3] Carolus at Presseforschung Uni Bremen [German]

[4] Zum 400. Geburtstag der Zeitung, Biblionomicon, January 15, 2009 [in German]

[5] Universität Heidelberg: Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien

[6] Johannes Carolus at Wikidata

YouTube Video
https://youtu.be/zWK6c_tflAo

References
Wikipedia, Times of India, WordPress, Scihi Blog, Multimedia Man, Sage Pub, Google Books. 

Avvisi - Printed Newssheets

Avvisi

Avvisi (Italian: [avˈviːzo]; plural: avvisi) were hand-written newsletters used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently throughout Europe, and more specifically Italy.

Year & Period:

During the early modern era (1500-1700).

General
In the beginning avvisi were very similar to letters written from one dignitary to another, but diverged from such letters in the sixteenth century with more standardized practices.

Meaning
In Italian, the word avviso translates to notice, warning, advice, or announcement.

Origin
The avvisi found their origins, and peaked, in the early modern Italian world - primarily Rome and Venice. The popularity and distribution of the avvisi was driven by each court's desire to know what the opposing and even the allied courts are up to. News networks spread all across Europe, but the avviso itself was generally created in either Rome or Venice, with the rest of Europe simply consuming.

Importance
Avvisi influenced many aspects of the early modern world including public opinion, political battles, the nature of propaganda, careers, and historical records.

Types
Avvisi can be divided into two categories: 'public' avvisi and 'secret' avvisi, though each copy was often written by the same person.

-Public avvisi were news letters that were available to anyone who wished to travel to a distribution center in a city. 

-Secret avvisi were news letters available to a restricted audience, much akin to duplicated personal letters. 

Distribution
Distribution of the avvisi began with the sources of information. Reporters (newsletter writers, menanti, reportisti, gazzettieri) had networks of contacts filtering information from chancelleries, Catholic churches, Protestant churches, foreign embassies, and shops. Information was gathered and put together individually or at a Scrittoria (writer's workshop).

Range of Distribution
The range of information presented within avvisi was very broad, including countries such as France, Italy, and the Netherlands.

Reporters
Writers of avvisi received very little recognition which, quite often, was exactly how they wanted it. Fear of censorship kept writers from signing work under their own name - for in the early modern era censorship could mean death. 

Censorship

Censorship of avvisi began with Pope Pius V's campaign, beginning in 1570CE. Writers caught distributing what the Catholic Church determined to be defamatory were punished severely - several examples of punishments include death, imprisonment, and torture (sometimes to death).

The harsh punishments did not prevent writers from continuing in their task, though they were forced to use pseudonyms.

Protest

The avvisi were blamed for causing disputes by church officials and writers. Religious leaders were not alone in banning newsletters - more secular leaders also laid down limitations and prohibitions, including Venice's Council of Ten who held bans until at least 1567.

Print
It was not until the middle of the seventeenth century that printed avvisi became more common, and even then Venice and Rome abstained from print. Due to restrictions from censorship on printed works, a sense of urgency, and a desire for personalization hand written avvisi would not be easily replaced by the printing press. Further, printed avvisi were less robust in an effort to avoid censors and cut editing time.

Perished
Printed works were produced much more slowly and as a result the public would lose interest in the topic before it came to print.

References
Wikipedia, Cambridge, Unica, Unict, Unibo

Kaiyuan Za Bao - After Dibao

Kaiyuan Za Bao

Kaiyuan Za Bao 開元雜報 ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news.

Year & Period:
First appeared in the 8th century, during the Kaiyuan era.

Content
It has been described as the first Chinese newspaper or official gazette, and also as the world's first magazine. Its main subscribers were imperial officials. Every day the political news and domestic news were collected by the editors, and the writers transcribed it to send to the provinces. 

Print
It was hand printed on silk, and appeared between 713 and 734.

Other Info
In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.

Other Names
It was also called as Kaiyuan Chao Bao

Perished
The progress of the history accompanied with the cultural development. Since the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), a lot of influential Chinese-owned/managed newspapers had emerged, the well-known of these included “Shen Bao”, “Xin Wen Bao”, “Zi Lin Xi Hu Bao” etc.

References
Wikipedia